Effective Study Techniques Backed by Science

Not all study methods are equally effective. Decades of cognitive science research point to specific techniques that genuinely improve learning.

Highly Effective Techniques

1. Spaced Repetition

Instead of cramming, spread your study sessions over multiple days. Review material at increasing intervals: 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days. This leverages the "spacing effect" to build long-term memory.

2. Active Recall

Close your notes and try to recall the material from memory. Use flashcards, practice problems, or write summaries without looking. This is far more effective than re-reading.

3. Interleaving

Mix different topics or problem types within a single study session. While it feels harder, interleaving improves your ability to distinguish between concepts and apply the right approach.

4. Elaborative Interrogation

Ask "why?" and "how?" about everything you learn. Explaining concepts in your own words — to yourself or a study partner — deepens understanding.

5. Practice Testing

Taking practice tests is one of the most powerful study tools available. It identifies gaps in your knowledge, reduces test anxiety, and strengthens retrieval pathways.

Less Effective Techniques (That Feel Productive)

**Highlighting and underlining** — passive engagement, low retention

**Re-reading notes** — creates familiarity, not understanding

**Summarizing without recall** — copying isn't learning

**Studying in one long marathon session** — leads to diminishing returns

Building a Study System

Daily Habits

Review each lecture's notes within 24 hours (spaced repetition starts here)

Write 3 questions from each lecture and answer them from memory the next day

Spend 30 minutes on practice problems before moving to new material

Weekly Habits

Create a study schedule every Sunday

Mix subjects in your study blocks (interleaving)

Take a practice quiz on the week's material

Before Exams

Start reviewing 7–10 days before the exam

Use practice exams under timed conditions

Focus your final sessions on weak areas identified through practice tests

Get a full night's sleep before the exam — sleep consolidates memory

The Science of Motivation

**Set specific goals** for each study session ("Learn chapters 5–6" not "Study biology")

**Track your progress** to build momentum

**Reward yourself** after completing study goals

**Study with purpose** — connect material to your career goals or personal interests

Effective Study Techniques Backed by Science